This "soda glass" is mildly water-soluble, so some calcium carbonate is added to the melt mixture to make the glass produced insoluble. Sodium carbonate acts as a flux for silica, lowering the melting point of the mixture to something achievable without special materials. The manufacture of glass is one of the most important uses of sodium carbonate. It is synthetically produced in large quantities from salt -sodium chloride- and limestone by a method known as the Solvay process. Because the ashes of these sodium-rich plants were noticeably different from ashes of timber -used to create potash-, they became known as "soda ash". Historically it was extracted from the ashes of plants growing in sodium-rich soils, such as vegetation from the Middle East, kelp from Scotland and seaweed from Spain. Sodium carbonate is well known domestically for its everyday use as a water softener. It has a strongly alkaline taste, and forms a moderately basic solution in water. Pure sodium carbonate is a white, odorless powder that is hygroscopic -absorbs moisture from the air. It most commonly occurs as a crystalline decahydrate, which readily effloresces to form a white powder, the monohydrate. Castel granted Pepperidge Farm’s motion to dismiss “in its entirety.Sodium carbonate: Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, -also known as washing soda, soda ash and soda crystals, and in the monohydrate form as crystal carbonate- is the water-soluble sodium salt of carbonic acid. The complaint does not plausibly allege why a reasonable consumer also would believe that the use of butter precluded secondary usage of other fats or oils, either as an additional shortener or for external application to enhance the crackers’ appearance.” A reasonable consumer who encountered defendant’s packaging would accurately understand the ‘Golden Butter’ cracker to be shortened and flavored with butter. He continued, “A reasonable consumer could believe that Golden Butter described the product’s flavor and was not a representation about ingredient proportions. “Butter is the second ingredient listed in the ingredients list, after flour but ahead of vegetable oils, suggesting that butter predominates over other fats or oils,” Mr. Castel, the product’s packaging “accurately indicated that the product contained butter, and the ingredients list confirmed that butter predominated over other oils and fats.”
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